the sequence of tenses 時態的一致

決定動詞的時態的=動詞的時間和狀態

[例一:現簡-現完簡-未簡]
Our postman usually delivers our mail at 7 every morning. It‘s nearly lunch-time and the mail still hasn’t arrived. I suppose the mail will come soon. Perhaps our postman is ill.
[例二:過簡-過完簡]
When I lived in London the postman usually delivered our mail at 7 every morning. Usually no one in our household had got up when the mail arrived.
[例三:過簡-過進-過完簡]
On March 14th at 10.15 a.m. I was waiting for a bus at the bus stop on the corner of Dover Road and West Street when a black Mercedes parked at the stop. Before the driver (had) managed to get out of his car, a number 14 bus appeared …
[例三:過簡-過進]
lt was just before the Second World War. Tom was only 20 at the time and was living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to London every day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was addressed to ‘Mr Thomas Parker’.
[例四:過簡-過完簡]
When we returned from our holidays, we found our house in a mess. What had happened while we had been away? A burglar had broken into the house and had stolen a lot of our things. [<—搶案和我們回家的時間先後的連結—-繼續搶匪的過程—->]The burglar got in through the kitchen window. He had no difficulty in forcing it open. Then he went into the living-room …
[例五:過簡-過完簡]
Silas Badley inherited several old cottages in our village. He wanted to pull them down and build new houses which he could sell for high prices. He wrote to Mr Harrison, now blind and nearly eighty, asking him to leave his cottage within a month. Old Mr Harrison was very distressed. He had been born in the cottage and stayed there all his life. His children had grown up there; his wife had died there and now he lived there all alone.



<一般狀態>
Tom knows that Peter loved the girl.
Tom knows that Peter loves the girl.
Tom knows that Peter will fall in love with the girl. [Tom現在知道Peter未來將喜歡]

Tom knew that Peter had loved the girl. [Tom過去知道(時間點在更早)Peter過去喜歡]
Tom knew that Peter loved the girl.
Tom knew that Peter would fall in love with the girl.

<無關時間的事實/真理狀態=現在式>
Galileo knew that the earth goes around the sun. [伽利略知道地球繞著太陽轉]
Galileo knew that the earth went around the sun. (x)
Galileo knew that the earth had went around the sun. (x)
Galileo knew that the earth would go around the sun. (x)

讓意思清楚=過去式有現在式, 現在式有過去式
Tom said that he went jogging every morning.(o)
Tom told me he was a good tennis-player. (o)
<–兩個都是過去式,不清楚現在的狀況
Tom said that he goes jogging every morning.(o)
<–動作動詞現簡=包含過去/現在/未來都反覆的動作
When he worked here, Roger was always making mistakes.(o)
<–過簡=過去反覆動作

Tom told me he is a good tennis-player.(o)
<–表示過去+現在都是
Tom tells me he used to be a good tennis-player.
I played football every day when I was a boy.
<–表示過去是,現在不是
Tom said that he has blue eyes.
<–過去到現在都不會變的事物


<歷史事件=過在式,不必用過去完成>
Tom knew that the temple was built in 1700. (o)
<–歷史事件用過去式,因不會造成前後關係不清的情形,不必用過去完成


<過去的未來=現在的未來 — 可用will/would>
Tom said he would go to Japan the next year. (o)
<–過去說的,the next year是指過去的next year=說話的隔年,表示現在不知去了沒
Tom said he will go to Japan next year. (o)
<–過去說的,next year是指現在的next year=明年,表示現在還沒去


<時間表timetable/行事曆calendar:=現代未>
The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30.
We leave tomorrow at 11.15 and arrive at 17.50

<報導的標題headlines或照片字幕photographic captions>
現簡=過去式
US and Russian defence ministers hold rare talks
現進/不定詞=未來
WHO to Deploy Experimental Ebola Vaccines to Uganda
WHO Deploying Experimental Ebola Vaccines to Uganda
have been 現完(省掉了)
VILLAGES DESTROYED IN EARTHQUAKE (= have been destroyed)

<過去簡單/過去進行-用於Poplite inquiries禮貌地詢問時,沒過去時間的意思>
常用動詞= hope, think or wonder.
I wonder if you could give me a lift.
I wondered if you could give me a lift. [過簡-較禮貌]
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. [過進-更有禮貌]

<希望去做但沒完成者=過完>
動詞: expect, hope, mean, suppose, think, want
I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his
marriage, but I didn ‘t manage it.

<過簡或現完簡?>
前後發生順序語意清楚時,可不用現完簡
(關係子句常會很明顯)
After I finished, I went home.
I wore the necklace (which) my grandmother (had) left.
I got out of the taxi, paid the fare, tipped the driver and dashed
into the station.
但若要精確表達時,不可省
When I arrived, Anne left. (i .e. at that moment)
When I arrived, Anne had left. (i .e. before I got there)

<完簡 或 完進?>
I’ve been painting this room. <–活動還没結束
I’ve painted this room. <–活動己結束
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room. <–那時,活動還没結束
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room. <–那時,活動己結束











eg.

決定時態的是?

the sequence of tenses 時態的一致

決定動詞的時態的=動詞的時間和狀態

[例一:現簡-現完簡-未簡]
Our postman usually delivers our mail at 7 every morning. It‘s nearly lunch-time and the mail still hasn’t arrived. I suppose the mail will come soon. Perhaps our postman is ill.
[例二:過簡-過完簡]
When I lived in London the postman usually delivered our mail at 7 every morning. Usually no one in our household had got up when the mail arrived.
[例三:過簡-過進-過完簡]
On March 14th at 10.15 a.m. I was waiting for a bus at the bus stop on the corner of Dover Road and West Street when a black Mercedes parked at the stop. Before the driver (had) managed to get out of his car, a number 14 bus appeared …
[例三:過簡-過進]
lt was just before the Second World War. Tom was only 20 at the time and was living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to London every day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was addressed to ‘Mr Thomas Parker’.
[例四:過簡-過完簡]
When we returned from our holidays, we found our house in a mess. What had happened while we had been away? A burglar had broken into the house and had stolen a lot of our things. [<—搶案和我們回家的時間先後的連結—-繼續搶匪的過程—->]The burglar got in through the kitchen window. He had no difficulty in forcing it open. Then he went into the living-room …
[例五:過簡-過完簡]
Silas Badley inherited several old cottages in our village. He wanted to pull them down and build new houses which he could sell for high prices. He wrote to Mr Harrison, now blind and nearly eighty, asking him to leave his cottage within a month. Old Mr Harrison was very distressed. He had been born in the cottage and stayed there all his life. His children had grown up there; his wife had died there and now he lived there all alone.



<一般狀態>
Tom knows that Peter loved the girl.
Tom knows that Peter loves the girl.
Tom knows that Peter will fall in love with the girl. [Tom現在知道Peter未來將喜歡]

Tom knew that Peter had loved the girl. [Tom過去知道(時間點在更早)Peter過去喜歡]
Tom knew that Peter loved the girl.
Tom knew that Peter would fall in love with the girl.

<無關時間的事實/真理狀態=現在式>
Galileo knew that the earth goes around the sun. [伽利略知道地球繞著太陽轉]
Galileo knew that the earth went around the sun. (x)
Galileo knew that the earth had went around the sun. (x)
Galileo knew that the earth would go around the sun. (x)

讓意思清楚=過去式有現在式, 現在式有過去式
Tom said that he went jogging every morning.(o)
Tom told me he was a good tennis-player. (o)
<–兩個都是過去式,不清楚現在的狀況
Tom said that he goes jogging every morning.(o)
<–動作動詞現簡=包含過去/現在/未來都反覆的動作
When he worked here, Roger was always making mistakes.(o)
<–過簡=過去反覆動作

Tom told me he is a good tennis-player.(o)
<–表示過去+現在都是
Tom tells me he used to be a good tennis-player.
I played football every day when I was a boy.
<–表示過去是,現在不是
Tom said that he has blue eyes.
<–過去到現在都不會變的事物


<歷史事件=過在式,不必用過去完成>
Tom knew that the temple was built in 1700. (o)
<–歷史事件用過去式,因不會造成前後關係不清的情形,不必用過去完成


<過去的未來=現在的未來 — 可用will/would>
Tom said he would go to Japan the next year. (o)
<–過去說的,the next year是指過去的next year=說話的隔年,表示現在不知去了沒
Tom said he will go to Japan next year. (o)
<–過去說的,next year是指現在的next year=明年,表示現在還沒去


<時間表timetable/行事曆calendar:=現代未>
The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30.
We leave tomorrow at 11.15 and arrive at 17.50

<報導的標題headlines或照片字幕photographic captions>
現簡=過去式
US and Russian defence ministers hold rare talks
現進/不定詞=未來
WHO to Deploy Experimental Ebola Vaccines to Uganda
WHO Deploying Experimental Ebola Vaccines to Uganda
have been 現完(省掉了)
VILLAGES DESTROYED IN EARTHQUAKE (= have been destroyed)

<過去簡單/過去進行-用於Poplite inquiries禮貌地詢問時,沒過去時間的意思>
常用動詞= hope, think or wonder.
I wonder if you could give me a lift.
I wondered if you could give me a lift. [過簡-較禮貌]
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. [過進-更有禮貌]

<希望去做但沒完成者=過完>
動詞: expect, hope, mean, suppose, think, want
I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his
marriage, but I didn ‘t manage it.

<過簡或現完簡?>
前後發生順序語意清楚時,可不用現完簡
(關係子句常會很明顯)
After I finished, I went home.
I wore the necklace (which) my grandmother (had) left.
I got out of the taxi, paid the fare, tipped the driver and dashed
into the station.
但若要精確表達時,不可省
When I arrived, Anne left. (i .e. at that moment)
When I arrived, Anne had left. (i .e. before I got there)

<完簡 或 完進?>
I’ve been painting this room. <–活動還没結束
I’ve painted this room. <–活動己結束
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room. <–那時,活動還没結束
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room. <–那時,活動己結束

[參考1] [參考2] [參考3] [參考4] [參考5]











eg.

S + V + O1 + O2

<5> S + V + O1 + O2 .▩▩▩.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▣▣1.▣▣2.▣▣3.▣▣4.▣▣▣.
[主詞補語/受詞補語]
授與動詞 Dative Verbs = 「送、買、拿、寄、留」東西給某人
S + V + 人 + 物 = S + V + 物 + prep + 人

award / bring / deliver / deny /
feed / give / hand / kick
leave1 / lend / offer / owe /
pass / post / promise
read / roll /sell / send
serve / show / sing
take / teach / tell / throw / write
+ 物 + to + 人
bake / build / buy /
cook / choose /
design / do / find / get /
leave2 / make / pay / prescribe /
order / rent / save / sing
+ 物 + for + 人
ask+ 物 + of + 人

leave1 把…留交〔某人決定或負責〕; 委托
Tom left his house to you.
leave2〔給某人〕留下〔口信、便條、包裹等〕:
A guy left these flowers for you. 這些花是一個家伙留下給你的。

不是授與動詞的 V + N + prep + N 用法

(1)accuse
convince
cure
deprive
expect1
inform
make1
remind
rob
suspect
+ N + of + N
associate
(= connet ~ with)
compare1
help
present1
provide
(= supply ~ with)
trust
+ N + with + N
attribute
(= ascribe ~ to)
leave
own
prefer
(= like ~ better than)
+ N + to + N
blame
(= charge ~ with)
excuse
present1
substitute
take
(= mistake ~ for)
thank
+ N + for + N
concentrate
(= apply oneslef to)
congratulate
impose1
play
+ N + on + N
distinguish
(= tell ~ from)
(= know ~ from)
expect1
keep
make1
order
prevent (= hinder ~ from)


+ N + from + N
make1
translate
+ N + into + N
name
+ N + after + N
regard
+ N + as + N

compare1
This is not to be compared with that. 這個比不上那個.
Life is often compared to a voyage. 人生常被比喻為航海.
expect1
expect N of/from N
impose1
impose N upon/on N
make1
Wine is made from grapes.
He made a doctor of his son.他使他兒子成為醫生。
Their houses were made of trees they had cut down.他們的房屋是用他們自己砍下來的樹木做成的。
She made the material into a skirt.她將那料子製成一件裙子。
How easy is it to make money out of gardening? 靠做園藝掙錢到底有多容易?
present1
present sb with sth
He was presented with a bottle of champagne.有人送他一瓶香檳。
present sth to sb / sth
The computer centre presented a cheque for £500 to cancer research.

S + V + O + OC

<4> S + V + O + OC .▩▩▩.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▤▤▤.▣▣1.▣▣2.▣▣3.▣▣4.▣▣5.

大部分寫法:

order + O +
( advise / allow / ask / cause / challenge / choose / forbid / hate / help / instruct / intend / invite / like / love / need / order / persuade / prefer / recommend / remind / request / teach / tell / want …)

主動
to V
被動
Vpp

He ordered them to leave at once.
他命令他們馬上動身

例外:

(1)

catch
find
keep + O +
leave
set
start

主動
Ving
被動
Vpp
(2)
使


get + O +


主動
Ving
to V
被動
Vpp
(3)
使
help
bid + O +
主動
(to) V
被動
Vpp 
(4)
使
make + O +主動
V
被動
Vpp
(5)
使
let + O +主動
V
被動
be Vpp
(6)
使
 
have + O +
主動
Ving
V
被動
Vpp
X have + O +
‘有’ 不是使役動詞
主動
to V
 
(7)

看 look at / see / watch
聽 listen to / hear / overhear
聞 smell
嚐 taste + O +
感覺 feel
注意 notice / observe
主動
Ving
V
被動
Vpp
(8)can’t stand / dislike
imagine / picture / involve
mind / miss + O +
put off / risk


cf: imagine/suppose/picture (that) SV
主動
Ving
被動
Vpp
   
   

(1)讓O保持~狀態
I caught him reading my private letters. 我撞看/逮到他在偷看我的私人信件。
cf: find + O + (to be) adj
She was found to be unreliable.她被認為是不可靠的。
(2)
1> get + O + Ving = ‘make O start .. .ing’ 讓~開始
Don’t get him talking about his illnesses.
2> get + O + to V = ‘persuade O to …..’ 說服
I can’t get that child to go to bed.
3> get + O + Vpp = ’cause O to be done by ..’ 讓/受到
I must get my watch repaired.
(= I want my watch to be repaired.)
She got her foot caught in the wire.
她的腳卡在了鐵絲網裡。
(3)
(4)
(5)
I stupidly let myself be persuaded to take part in a live debate.
我傻乎乎地被人說服去參加一個現場辯論會。
(6)
1> have + O + V = ’cause O to V’
The manager had everybody fill out a form.
2> have + O + Ving = ’cause O to be Ving’
He had us laughing all through the meal.
3> have + O + Vpp = ’cause O to be done by ..’ 讓
I must have my watch repaired.
(= I want my watch to be repaired.)
cf: have = ‘有’
Do you have time to finish the job today?
(7)
(8)
We just couldn’t imagine Gerry singing in public.
Do you mind me being here while you’re working?
I don’t want to risk him losing his job.
He disliked her staying away from home.
他不願意讓她住在外面。

….. [假受詞it的兩用法]

 believe / consider
deem / find
make / regard
take / think
+ it + OC + to V
+ it + OC + that S V  


….. believe/consider/deem/find/make/regard/take/think + it + OC + to V
….. that S V
…..

Lonely Is The Night

Lonely Is The Night (Air Supply)
孤獨就在那晚

Really thought that I could live without you
本以為沒有你我也可以繼續過活
Really thought that I could make it on my own
本以為我能凡事都靠自己
Sent you away yeah I said I didn’t need you
眼睜睜讓你離開,放聲大喊我根本不需要你
I let you go I let you go I let you go
就這麼讓你走,讓你走了

Now I’m so lost without you
現在的我非常混亂
Now you’re not here and now I know
你不在這裡,而我也終於知道

*Lonely is the night when I’m not with you
孤獨就是你不在我身邊的那些夜晚
Lonely is the night ain’t no light shining through
孤獨就是那些沒有光芒照亮的夜晚
Till you’re in my arms till you’re here by my side
直到你好好地依偎在我的懷裡,相伴我左右
Lonely am I
現在的我如此孤獨

Never thought that I that I would need you
從沒想過我會如此需要你
Never thought that I that I’d be missing you
從沒想過我會如此想念你
Gotta get you back
必須將你找回來
I just got to find a way now
必須想方設法帶你回到我身邊

To let you know to let you know to let you know
讓你知道,讓你知道
That I’m so lost without you
沒有你的我是如此頹廢
And now this world it just ain’t right
世界也崩塌一片

*Lonely is the night when I’m not with you
孤獨就是沒有你陪伴的那些夜晚
Lonely is the night ain’t no light shining through
孤獨就是沒有光芒照亮的那些夜晚
Till you’re in my arms till you’re here by my side
除非你在我身邊,依偎在我懷中
Lonely am I
現在的我如此孤獨

I can make it through the day
我可以熬過今天
I can fake it okay
我可以假裝一切都好

I just smile and pretend
只要微笑並戴上面具
And I tell myself I’ll be alright
我告訴自己,一切都會沒事的

But lonely is the night
但孤獨仍然徘徊於此
Lonely is the night
在那些沒有你的夜晚

Now I’m so lost without you
現在的我非常混亂
Now you’re not here and now I know
你不在這裡,而我也終於知道

*Lonely is the night when I’m not with you
孤獨就是你不在我身邊的那些夜晚
Lonely is the night there’s no light shining through
孤獨就是那些沒有光芒照亮的夜晚
Till you’re in my arms till you’re here by my side
直到你好好地依偎在我的懷裡,相伴我左右
Lonely is the night
現在的我獨自在那些沒有你的夜晚

(重複*)

歌詞出處

Now and Forever

Now and Forever (Air supply)
從今以後 (空中補給)

When love is new
當愛情來臨
And the world is not reaching for you
而這個世界並不是為你而存在
We try hard to hold it all
我們用我們的雙手拚了命
In our hands
去守住一切
But it slipped through
但它還是從我們的指縫中滑落

Like soft drifting sands
如同那柔軟的流沙般

But drying the tears
但擦乾眼淚,我的寶貝

Can build it all like new
一切都可以重新來過

*Now and forever
從今以後
Remember the words
記住那些來自我心坎裡的話語
From my heart will always be true
那些都是真的
Now and forever
從今以後
Together and all that I feel
都要在一起,而我現在所感受到的
Here’s my love for you
全都是對你的愛

Learning each day
發現每一天
That the right time was so far away
那些快樂的時光總是轉瞬即逝
To tell you the things I knew
來不及告訴你我多愛你
Now it’s clear
現在一切都清楚了
That the moment
這個時間點
We searched for is here
我們一直渴望著的都在這裡
And counting the years
慢慢和你消磨著時光
Is all I want to do
這都是我想要的

*Now and forever
從今以後
Remember the words
記住那些來自我心坎裡的話語
From my heart will always be true
那些都是真的
Now and forever
從今以後
Together and all that I feel
都要在一起,而我現在所感受到的
Here’s my love for you
全都是對你的愛

Hold me as close
抱緊我
As love will allow
用你滿滿的愛
Until all your fears are gone
直到你所有的恐懼都被消融
What has all passed
甚麼都過去了
Is over now
結束了
I’m here with you
現在我和你在一起
I’m here with you
和你在一起
I’m holding on
努力著
I’m holding on
努力著

Hold me as close
抱緊我
As love will allow
用你滿滿的愛
Until all your fears are gone
直到你所有的恐懼都被消融
What has all passed
甚麼都過去了
Is over now
結束了
I’m here with you
現在我和你在一起
I’m here with you
和你在一起
I’m holding on
努力著
I’m holding on
努力著

*Now and forever
從今以後
Remember the words
記住那些來自我心坎裡的話語
From my heart will always be true
那些都是真的
Now and forever
從今以後
Together and all that I feel
都要在一起,而我現在所感受到的
Here’s my love for you
全都是對你的愛

(*進入LOOP)

歌詞出處

Now & Forever

Now & Forever (Richard Marx )
從現在到永遠 理查·馬克斯

Whenever I’m weary From the battles that rage in my head
當我因舉棋不定而感到疲憊不堪
You make sense of madness When my sanity hangs by a thread
當我即將失去理智的時候 只有你能理解我的狂亂
I lose my way but still you seem to understand
你總能了解我為何會失去方向
Now and forever
那麼 從現在到永遠
I will be your man
我將是你的男人
Sometimes I just hold you Too caught up in me to see
我只是有時太在乎你 以至於變得盲目
I’m holding a fortune That heaven has given to me
我擁有你 就像上天賜與我最珍貴的財富
I’ll try to show you each and every way I can
我會試著用盡一切方式告訴你
Now and forever
從現在到永遠
I will be your man
我就是你的男人
Now I can rest my worries and always be sure
如今我能夠放下煩惱 並且永遠堅信
That I won’t be alone anymore
我將不再孤獨
If I’d only known you were there all the time
因為我知道你永遠都會在我身邊
All this time
直到永遠
Until the day the ocean doesn’t touch the sand
直到天老地荒 知道海枯石爛
Now and forever
直到永遠
I will be your man
我就是你的男人
Now and forever
直到永遠
I will be your man
我就是你的男人

EXAM






Hard To Say I’m Sorry

Jerry Maguire (征服情海) 電影片段
Summer Lovers (1982)夏日戀人 片尾曲

Hard To Say I’m Sorry Chicago
難以說抱歉 芝加哥合唱團

Everybody needs a little time away
每人都需要一些獨處的時間
I heard her say
我聽到她這番話
From each other
去各自遠離
Even lovers need a holiday
就算情人也需要休假
Far away from each other
去遠離彼此

Hold me now
現在就擁抱我
It’s hard for me to say I’m sorry
我實在難以啟齒去道歉
I just want you to stay
我只是想妳留下

After all that we’ve been through,
我們捱過了這一切之後
I will make it up to you
我將與妳和好
I promise to
我答應妳
And after all that’s been said and done
當要說的都說完了,要做的都做完了
You’re just a part of me I can’t let go
妳已成為我不可分割的一部分

Couldn’t stand to be kept away
不能忍受無法接近
Just for the day
只是一天
From your body
無法接近妳的身影
Wouldn’t want to be swept away
不願被隔絕
Far away from the one that I love
與愛人分隔於異地

Hold me now
現在就擁抱我
It’s hard for me to say I’m sorry
我實在難以啟齒去道歉
I just want you to know
我只是想妳知道

Hold me now
現在就擁抱我
I really want to tell you I’m sorry
我真的想要向妳說對不起
I could never let you go
我無法讓妳離我而去

After all that we’ve been through,
我們捱過了這一切之後
I will make it up to you
我將與妳和好
I promise to
我答應妳
And after all that’s been said and done
當要說的都說完了,要做的都做完了
You’re just a part of me I can’t let go
妳已成為我不可分割的一部分

After all that we’ve been through,
我們捱過了這一切之後
I will make it up to you,
我將與妳和好
I promise to
我答應妳
And after all that’s been said and done
當要說的都說完了,要做的都做完了
You’re just a part of me I can’t let go
妳已成為我不可分割的一部分

You’re gonna be the lucky one
妳將成為幸運的一位

Everybody needs a little time away
每人都需要一些獨處的時間
I heard her say
我聽到她這番話

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